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MEASUREMENT ERROR:  DIFFERENCE IN TRUE VALUE AND THE MEASURED VALUE OF A PHYSICAL QUANTITY IS CALLED MEASUREMENT ERROR.                                 EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF ERROR: -------- TYPES OF ERRORS GENERALLY TWO TYPES----- 1)SYSTEMATIC ERROR (2)RANDOM ERROR SYSTEMATIC ERROR:  THIS TYPE OF ERRORS ARE THOSE WHOSE CAUSES ARE KNOWN ,SUCH ERRORS CAN ,THEREFORE HE MINIMISED.       FOR EXAMPLE: (1) INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS (2) PERSONAL ERRORS (3)ERRORS DUE TO EXTERNAL CAUSES INSTRUMENTAL ERROR : Error may arise due to imperfection or faulty adjustment of the instrument with which measurement is being taken. PERSONAL ERROR: Error may also arise due to want of perfection of human sight in observing and of touch in manipulating instruments.   RANDOM ERROR:THESE ERROR MAY ARISE DUE TO LARGE VARIETY OF FACTORS. THE CAUSES OF SUCH ERRORS ARE THEREFORE NOT KNOWN PRECISELY. HENCE IT IS...

                                                            Applied physics    Define fundamental unit:  Fundamental units are those units,which can neither be derived from one another nor can they be resolved into any other units. fundamental units are independent.           Example: Fundamental quantities                    s.i. unit                           symbol length                                  meter                             m mass                      ...

  Arithmetic   Mean   (A.M ) Let us first take the case of ungrouped raw data. Let x 1 , x 2 , ............x n be the values of a variable, x . Then the simple arithmetic mean is defined as the sum of all the values divided by the number of values of the variable. If denotes the simple arithmetic mean, then, by definition, Arithmetic Mean = (x 1 + x 2 + .......x n )/n . If x is a discrete variable assuming values x 1, ,x 2 , ........x k with frequencies f 1 ,f 2 .......f k the arithmetic mean is defined as x ̄ = ∑f i x i this is so because in the above definition it has been implicitly assumed that all the values of a variable a class interval are equal to the mid-value of that class and thus the, formula only gives an approximate value of the arithmetic mean. Some error will, remain in the calculated value of mean obtained from grouped data. This error is known as grouping error. This error will be negligible if the width of the class interval be compared t...